8 How much attenuation does the optical splitter have
An 8-way (1×8) optical splitter typically introduces around 10.5 dB of insertion loss, meaning each output receives roughly 1/8th of the input power.
Understanding 8-Way Splitter Loss
An 8-way optical splitter divides a single optical signal into eight outputs. The insertion loss represents the reduction in optical power at each output compared to the input. For a high-quality 1×8 splitter:
- Typical insertion loss: ~10.5 dB (theoretical best case)
- Output power per port: If the input is +3 dBm, each output port delivers approximately -7.5 dBm after the splitter .
- Excess loss: Real-world splitters may have additional loss due to manufacturing imperfections, typically 0.1–2 dB, slightly increasing the total attenuation .
Factors Affecting Attenuation
- Splitter Type:
- FBT (Fused Biconical Taper) splitters may have ±1.5 dB variation between ports.
- PLC (Planar Lightwave Circuit) splitters are more uniform, with ±0.8 dB variation .
- Fiber and Connector Losses:
- Standard singlemode fiber adds ~0.2–0.35 dB/km at 1550 nm.
- Connectors and splices contribute additional losses (~0.3 dB per connector, 0.1 dB per splice), .
- Power Budget Considerations:
- Total link loss includes splitter loss, fiber attenuation, connector/splice loss, and a safety margin (commonly 3 dB).
- For example, a 12 km fiber with 0.35 dB/km attenuation adds 4.2 dB, plus 10.5 dB from the 1×8 splitter, totaling ~14.7 dB before connectors and margin .
Practical Implications
- Network Design: Using a 1×8 splitter is suitable for moderate subscriber counts while maintaining sufficient optical power for ONTs.
- Distance Limitation: Higher split ratios reduce the power per port, limiting maximum transmission distance. A 1×8 splitter allows longer reach than 1×16 or 1×32 splitters for the same OLT power .
- Cascading Splitters: If multiple splitters are cascaded (e.g., 1×2 followed by 1×4), total insertion loss is additive (~3.6 dB + 7 dB ≈ 10.6 dB), similar to a single 1×8 splitter . In summary, an 8-way optical splitter introduces approximately 10.5 dB of attenuation, and careful consideration of fiber length, connector losses, and safety margins is essential to ensure reliable signal delivery in PON or FTTH networks.
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